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Preface Part I. Background Chapter 1. Sogdian and the Sogdian World Chapter 2. Writing Systems and Orthographic Conventions Chapter 3. Phonology and pronunciation Part II. Basic Grammar Chapter 4. Number and case of nouns · Chapter 5. Pronouns Chapter 6. Adjectives and ordinals in the noun phrase Chapter 7. Comparison of Adjectives Chapter 8. Adverbs Chapter 9. Postpositions and Conjunctions Chapter 10. Numerals ·· Chapter 11. Verb Stems and Person Marking Chapter 12. TAM, Negation, and Copular Predication Chapter 13. Non-Finite Forms and Subordination Chapter 14. Basic Syntax and Sentence Patterns Appendices: answer keys |
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Sogdian is an Eastern Middle Iranian language, related to Bactrian, Khwarezmian, and the Saka languages (Khotanese, Tumshuqese). Within Indo-European, it belongs to the Iranian branch and is thus more distantly related to Avestan, Old Persian, and modern languages such as Persian, Kurdish, and Pashto. Its closest modern relative is Yaghnobi, often treated as a direct or near-direct descendant, though it has followed its own path of change. (Yoshida, 2018).
--- p.21 Sogdian nouns do not show grammatical gender. Instead, their inflectional system focuses on number (singular vs. plural) and case (Direct vs. Oblique). The plural is formed regularly by the suffix -t, with Oblique plural forms typically appearing as -t-i/-t-y, especially before postpositions (Sims-Williams, 1979; Yoshida, 2016). --- p.77 Sogdian finite verbs are composed of (i) a lexical stem and (ii) grammatical material that indicates person and number—either as suffixal endings (primarily in many non-past formations) or as copular/auxiliary elements (especially in common past formations). Descriptive grammars commonly present paradigms in a “stem + marker” format, because this segmentation is the most reliable way to recognize forms across manuscripts, scripts, and editorial normalizations (Gershevitch, 1954; Gharib, 1965; Yoshida, 2009, 2016; Zarshenas, 2011). --- p.144 Sogdian clause structure is built not only around finite verbs (with person/number agreement), but also around a productive system of non-finite verb forms and a set of subordination strategies that package embedded predication as complements, modifiers, or backgrounded clauses. --- p.167 |