Acknowledgments
Preface

1 Introduction
Overview
Basic Forms
- On terminology
- On being ungrammatical
- On good English
Basic meanings
- 'I am more interesting in English Grammar'
- Why can I say 'I shot the sheriff', but not *'I smiled the sheriff'?
- Linguistic distance
Meanings in context
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

2 Articles
Overview
Basic forms
- An article machine
Basic meanings
- Countability
- Singular or plural?
- Individuation
- Conceptual structure: classifying and identifying
Meanings in context
- Already given: anaphoric and cataphoric (the)
- Clearly given (zero article)
- A note on a new article
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

3 Tense and aspect
Overview
Basic forms
- The basic structure
Basic meanings
- Tense
- Aspect
- Lexical aspect
- Grammatical aspect
Meanings in context
- In a magazine article
- In academic writing
- In narratives
- In a news report
- In spoken discourse
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

4 Modals
Overview
Basic forms
- The simple modals
Basic meanings
- Epistemic modality
- Root modality
- Necessary and possible
Meanings in context
- The potential of can
- The possibility of may
- The necessity of must
- The likelihood of will
- The requirements of should
- Negation and modals
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

5 Conditionals
Overview
Basic forms
- Factual conditionals
- Predictive conditionals
- Hypothetical conditionals
- Counterfactual conditionals
Basic meanings
- What happens if ... ?
- What will happen if ... ?
- What would happen if ... ?
- What would have happened if ... ?
Meanings in context
- Restating
- Contrasting
- Listing alternatives
- Giving examples
- End-weight
- Uncertainty and politeness
- Exceptional and concessive conditionals
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

6 Prepositions and particles
Overview
Basic forms
Prepositions
Basic meanings: prepositions
- Location in space
- Location in time
- Location in metaphor
Particles
Basic meanings: particles
- Up and down
- Off, on, out, and away
Meanings in context
- End-weight
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

7 Indirect objects
Overview
Basic forms
- Types of verbs
- Basic structures: origins and pronunciation
Basic meanings
- Humans, transfer, and having
- Transfer and not having
- Creating, getting, and benefiting
Meanings in context
- End-weight
- Linguistic distance
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

8 Infinitives and gerunds
Overview
Basic forms
Basic meanings
- Group 1: verbs with only finite (that ...) complements
- Group 2: verbs with only to-V non-finite complements
- Group 3: verbs with only V-ing non-finite complements
- Group 4: verbs with both to-V and V-ing complements
Meanings in context
- Noun-like events
- Verb-like actions
- Deny and refuse
- Types of verbs
- Linguistic distance
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

9 Relative clauses
Overview
Basic forms
- Subject relatives
- Object relatives
- After-preposition relatives
- Possessive relatives
- Basic structures
Basic meanings
- Who, which, that
- Where, when, why
Meanings in context
- Introducing new information
- Connecting with given information
- End-weight
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

10 Direct and indirect speech
Overview
Basic forms
Basic meanings
- Direct speech as drama
- Indirect speech as narrative
- Summarized reports
- Reporting verbs
- 'The teachers were saying ...'
Meanings in context
- Free indirect discourse
- Constructed dialogue
- Discussion topics and projects
- Teaching ideas
- Further reading

Glossary
Bibliography
Answers to exercises
Index