1 Introduction 1
1.1 Semantics and semantic theory 1
1.2 Interpretation and representation 13
1.3 Beyond truth-conditions 19
1.4 A note on method 23
1.5 Further reading 25
2 Predicates and Arguments 27
2.1 Translating English into a logical language 27
2.2 Interpreting L[subscript P] 38
2.3 Further reading 53
3 Negation and Co-Ordination 54
3.1 Compound sentences 54
3.2 Complex formulae 55
3.3 Interpretation 60
3.4 Formal interpretation 74
3.5 Further reading 81
4 Type Theory 82
4.1 Verb phrases and other constituents 82
4.2 A typed logical language 83
4.3 More set theory 93
4.4 Interpreting L[subscript type] 98
4.5 Adverbs 107
4.6 Further reading 111
5 The Lambda Operator 112
5.1 The passive 112
5.2 Introducing the lambda operator 115
5.3 Generalising lambda expressions 127
5.4 Reviewing co-ordination 136
5.5 Further reading 149
6 Quantification 150
6.1 The variety of noun phrases 150
6.2 Introducing the logical quantifiers 151
6.3 A compositional approach 159
6.4 Proper names and definite descriptions 172
6.5 Two problems 177
6.6 Generalised quantifiers 187
6.7 Further Reading 195
7 Inference 197
7.1 Making inferences 197
7.2 Logical deduction 200
7.3 Lexical meaning 215
7.4 Non-truth-conditional aspects of the connectives 224
7.5 Further Reading 231
8 Time, Tense and Aspect 233
8.1 Temporal contingency 233
8.2 Time 233
8.3 Tense 241
8.4 Simple aspect 251
8.5 Scope ambiguities 259
8.6 Further reading 262
9 Possible Worlds 263
9.1 Where entailments fail 263
9.2 Intension and extension 267
9.3 Introducing other worlds 269
9.4 Further reading 281
10 Intensional Semantics 282
10.1 Modelling intensions 282
10.2 The intensional language L[subscript IL] 288
10.3 Interpreting opaque contexts 299
10.4 Two problems 315
10.5 Postscript 320
10.6 Further reading