CHAPTER 01. Phonetics 7
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Phonetic Transcription 10
1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 12
1.4 Additional Sounds 29
1.5 Cardinal Vowels 35

CHAPTER 02. Phonology 41
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 42
2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini-demo 46
2.4 Neurtralization 50
2.5 Free Variation 51
2.6 Morphophonology 52

CHAPTER 03. English Consonants 55
3.1 Stops 56
3.2 Fricatives 65
3.3 Affricates 68
3.4 Nasals 69
3.5 Approximants 72
3.6 A note on casual speech reductions 75
3.7 Sociophonetic Variation 76

CHAPTER 04. English Vowels 95
4.1 Vowel Set of American English 96
4.2 Phonetic properties of vowels 97
4.3 Tense - Lax ***** 기출 98
4.4 Nasalized vowels 100
4.5 Length 100
4.6 Vowels before /?/ 101
4.7 Vowels before /I/ 103
4.8 Front Vowels 104
4.9 Central Vowels 105
4.10 Back Vowels 106
4.11 Diphthongs 108
4.12 Two well-known chain shifts: Northern Cities Shift and Southern Shift 110
4.13 Sociophonetic Variation 112
4.14 Non-US Varieties 112
4.15 Full Vowels vs. Reduced Vowels 114
4.16 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words 122

CHAPTER 05. Syllables 127
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 The hierarchical structure of syllable 131
5.3 Number of Syllables 136
5.4 Sonority 137
5.5 Syllabification 139
5.6 English Syllable Phonotactics ******* 144
5.7 Written Syllabification 154
5.8 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 157
5.9 Practical Applications 163

CHAPTER 06. Stress and Intonation 167
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 170
6.3 Verb Stress 174
6.4 Secondary Stress 177
6.5 Affixes 180
6.6 Stress in Compounds 195
6.7 Differences between American English and British English 197
6.8 Introduction 203
6.9 Variations among the Varieties 209
6.10 Markedness 216