Preface
Contents
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations

1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Research Methods
1.3 Language Typology and Language Samples
1.3.1 Korean
1.3.2 Japanese
1.3.3 English
1.3.4 Spanish
1.3.5 Chinese (Mandarin)
1.3.6 Thai
1.4 Grammaticalization
1.5 Scope of Research

2. Preliminaries: Space and Adposition
2.1 Space in Language
2.2 Adposition
2.2.1 Adposition as a Grammatical Category
2.2.2 Terminological Issues
2.2.3 Grammatical Functions of Adpositions

3. Grammaticalization of Postpositions in Korean
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Postpositions in Korean
3.3 Spatial Postpositions
3.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial Postpositions
3.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial Postpositions
3.3.3 Grammaticalization Sources
3.3.3.1 Nominal Sources
3.3.3.2 Verbal Sources
3.3.3.3 Deictic Sources
3.3.3.4 Multiple Sources and Layered Postpositions
3.4 Ongoing Grammaticalization of Spatial Postpositions
3.4.1 Selection Criteria
3.4.2 General Characteristics
3.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
3.4.3.1 Extension
3.4.3.2 Desemanticization
3.4.3.3 Decategorialization
3.4.3.4 Erosion
3.4.4 Grammatical Functions
3.4.4.1 Differential Specialization of Native Korean and Sino-Korean Postpositions
3.4.4.2 Functional Extension of Spatial Postpositions
3.5 Summary

4. Grammaticalization of Postpositions in Japanese
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Postpositions in Japanese
4.3 Spatial Postpositions
4.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial Postpositions
4.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial Postpositions
4.3.3. Grammaticalization Sources
4.3.3.1 Unidentified Sources
4.3.3.2 Nominal Sources
4.3.3.3 Verbal Sources
4.3.3.4 Sino-Japanese Sources
4.3.3.5 Multiple Sources and Layered Postpositions
4.4 Ongoing Grammaticalization of Spatial Postpositions
4.4.1 Selection Criteria
4.4.2 General Characteristics
4.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
4.4.3.1 Extension
4.4.3.2 Desemanticization
4.4.3.3 Decategorialization
4.4.3.4 Erosion
4.4.4 Grammatical Functions
4.5 Summary

5. Grammaticalization of Prepositions in English
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prepositions in English
5.3 Spatial Prepositions
5.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial Prepositions
5.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial Prepositions
5.3.3 Grammaticalization Sources
5.3.3.1 Nominal Sources
5.3.3.2 Verbal Sources
5.3.3.3 Borrowings
5.3.3.4 Multiple Sources and Layered Prepositions
5.4 Ongoing Grammaticalization of Spatial Prepositions
5.4.1 Selection Criteria
5.4.2 General Characteristics
5.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
5.4.3.1 Extension
5.4.3.2 Desemanticization
5.4.3.3 Decategorialization
5.4.3.4 Erosion
5.4.4 Grammatical Functions
5.4.4.1 Beyond Space
5.4.4.2 Beyond Preposition
5.5 Summary

6. Grammaticalization of Prepositions in Spanish
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Prepositions in Spanish
6.3 Spatial Prepositions
6.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial Prepositions
6.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial Prepositions
6.3.3 Grammaticalization Sources
6.3.3.1 Inherited Prepositions
6.3.3.2 Nominal Sources
6.3.3.3 Verbal Sources
6.3.3.4 Adverbial Sources
6.3.3.5 Multiple Sources and Layered Prepositions
6.4 Ongoing Grammaticalization of Spatial Prepositions
6.4.1 Selection Criteria
6.4.2 General Characteristics
6.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
6.4.3.1 Extension
6.4.3.2 Desemanticization
6.4.3.3 Decategorialization
6.4.3.4 Erosion
6.4.4 Grammatical Functions
6.5 Summary

7. Grammaticalization of Adpositions in Chinese
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Adpositions in Chinese
7.3 Spatial Adpositions
7.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial Adpositions
7.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial Adpositions
7.3.3. Grammaticalization Sources
7.3.3.1 Nominal Sources
7.3.3.2 Verbal Sources
7.3.3.3 Other Sources
7.3.3.4 Multiple Sources and Layered Adpositions
7.4 Ongoing Grammaticalization of Spatial Adpositions
7.4.1 Selection Criteria
7.4.2 General Characteristics
7.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
7.4.3.1 Extension
7.4.3.2 Desemanticization
7.4.3.3 Decategorialization
7.4.3.4 Erosion
7.4.4 Grammatical Functions
7.4.4.1 Beyond Space
7.4.4.2 Beyond Prepositions and Postpositions
7.5 Summary

8. Grammaticalization of Prepositions in Thai
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Prepositions in Thai
8.3 Spatial Prepositions
8.3.1 Characteristics of Spatial prepositions
8.3.2 Frequencies of Spatial prepositions
8.3.3 Grammaticalization Sources
8.3.3.1 Nominal Sources
8.3.3.2 Verbal Sources
8.3.3.3 Other Sources
8.3.3.4 Multiple Sources and Layered Prepositions
8.4 Ongoing grammaticalization of Spatial Prepositions
8.4.1 Selection Criteria
8.4.2 General Characteristics
8.4.3 Grammaticalization Mechanisms
8.4.3.1 Extension
8.4.3.2 Desemanticization
8.4.3.3 Decategorialization
8.4.3.4 Erosion
8.4.4 Grammatical Functions
8.5 Summary

9. Grammaticalization Principles and Hypotheses Revisited
9.1 Divergence
9.2 Persistence
9.3 Source Determination
9.4 Unidirectionality
9.4.1 Form
9.4.2 Meaning
9.5 Universal Path
9.5.1 The Noun Channel
9.5.2 The Verb Channel
9.6 Analogy, Reanalysis, and Reinterpretation
9.7 Summary

10. Typology and Beyond
10.1 Commonalities
10.1.1 Restrictive Determinants and Expansive Motivations
10.1.2 Propensity for Positivity
10.2 Word order
10.3 Inflection vs. Agglutination vs. Isolation
10.4 Language Contact
10.5 Summary

11. Conclusion
Appendix 1. Korean Complex Postpositions
Appendix 2: English Complex Prepositions
Appendix 3: Composite and Complex Prepositions in Spanish

Bibliography
Author Index
Subject index