Acknowledgements

List of tables

List of figures

INTRODUCTION: Beyond borders: global changes and linguistic challenges in migratory contexts

CHAPTER 1: The European migrant crisis

1.1 Migrations and migratory policies in Europe

1.2 Unauthorised migrations in Italy

1.3 Migration and language

CHAPTER 2: The sociolinguistics of (im)migration

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2.2 The sociolinguistics of (im)migration across time and space

2.3 Multilingualism in postcolonial countries

2.4 Status and function of a language

2.4.1 Geopolitical factors

2.4.2 Socio-demographical factors

2.4.3 Linguistic factors

2.5 Language ideologies and attitudes

CHAPTER 3: Language contact

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3.1 Language maintenance and shift

3.2 Contact in speech

3.2.1 Structural approaches to code switching

3.2.2 Functional approaches to code switching

3.3 From code switching to grammaticalization

3.4 Contact in language

3.4.1 Matter replication

3.4.2 At the boundary between switching and matter replication

3.4.3 Pattern replication

3.5 Structure, function and cognition: the usage-based approach

CHAPTER 4: Linguistic ethnography and multilingualism

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2

3

4

4.1 Objectives of the research

4.1.1 Research methods

4.2 Data transcription

4.2.1 Language transcription

4.2.2 Graphic and phonetic correspondences

4.2.3 Morphemic glossing

4.3 The pilot study

4.3.1 The CAS

4.3.2 Methodology

4.3.3 Data analysis

4.3.4 Discussion

4.4 The main study

4.4.1 Informants and linguistic biographies

CHAPTER 5: The urban variety of Punjabi

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2

3

4

5

5.1 Population in Pakistan

5.2 The languages of the Pakistanis

5.2.1 English, the conquerors’ language

5.2.2 The privileging of Urdu as national language

5.2.2.1 The Urdu-Bengali controversy

5.2.2.2 The Urdu-indigenous languages controversy

5.2.2.3 The Punjabi language vitality

5.2.3 Urdu and Punjabi

5.3 Urban Punjabi

4.3.1 Borrowing vs code switching

5.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 6: Italian within the speech community

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2

3

4

5

6

6.1 Code choice in the CAS

6.2 Instances of code mixing within the urban variety

6.3 Discussion

CHAPTER 7: Ideologies and attitudes

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2

3

4

5

6

7

7.1 Language proficiency in the CAS

7.2 Interviews

7.3 Ideologies and attitudes

7.3.1 Urdu

7.3.2 English

7.3.3 Italian

7.3.4 Minority languages

7.4 Some reflections on the linguistic repertoire of the migrants

CONCLUSIONS: Beyond challenge: understanding multilingualism in a time of change

References

Appendix I: Questionnaire

Appendix II: GDPR

Index of names