List of tables, figure, pictures and mapsPreface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Language, identity and conflict

1.1 Introduction

1.1 Identity and identities

1.1.1 Conflicting identities: Palestinian-Jewish relationships inside Israel

1.2 Language and social identity

1.2.1 The Arabic language and social identity

1.2.2 Language and identity in Israel

1.3 The vitality of Arabic in Israel

1.4 Language and conflict

1.4.1 The role of language in the Arab-Israeli conflict

1.5 Conclusion

Chapter 2 Internal and external challenges of the Arabic language

2. Introduction

2.1 Internal challenges

2.1.1 Diglossia: old and new challenges

2.1.2 Modernization and the Arabic language

2.2 External challenges

2.2.1 Colonialism, globalization and the Arabic language

2.3 Policy towards Arabic in the Arab world: .encountering challenges

2.4 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Internal and regional contexts and the Arabic language in Israel

3. Introduction

3.1 Internal contexts

3.2 Regional contexts

3.3 Conclusion

Chapter 4 The status of the Arabic language in Israel

4.1 The linguistic situation in Israel

4.2 The status of Arabic in Israel

4.3 Conclusion

Chapter 5 Features of the Arabic language in Israel

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Arabic in Israel

5.2.1 Is there a unique variety of Arabic in Israel?

5.2.2 Influences from other Arabic varieties

5.3 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Arabic in the shadow of Hebraization

6.1 Hebrew is the dominant language in Israel

6.1.1 Building the new Jewish Israeli identity

6.1.2 Putting Hebrew on the national agenda

6.1.3 Teaching Hebrew

6.1.4 Hebraization consequences

6.2 Ideologized Hebrew and its teaching to Palestinian pupils in Israel

6.2.1 Attitudes towards teaching Hebrew to Palestinian Arabs

6.2.2 The Policy of teaching Hebrew: goals and curricula

6.2.3 A new curriculum

6.2.4 Textbooks and contents

6.2.5 Consequences of Hebraization for teaching

6.3 The penetration of Hebrew into the ‘heart of Arabic’: borrowing

6.3.1 Introduction

6.3.2 Culture contact and its linguistic reflections

6.3.3 The importance of the study of Hebrew

6.3.4 The knowledge and use of Hebrew

6.3.5 Borrowing lexical items from Hebrew: integration and diffusion

6.3.6 Borrowing and its linguistic characteristics

6.3.7 The consequences of Hebraization on borrowing

Chapter 7 English in the Palestinian linguistic repertoire in Israel

7.1 Introduction

7.2 English teaching in the Palestinian schools in Israel

7.2.1 The current English curriculum

7.2.2 Textbooks

7.2.3 Achievements

7.3 Borrowing from English

7.4 Globalization and English

7.5 Writing with Latin and Hebrew letters

7.6 Conclusion

Chapter 8 Hebraization of Arabic place names

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Hebraizing names: the translation of ideological orientation and political thinking

8.3 Conclusion

Chapter 9 The current linguistic landscape in the Palestinian Arab localities in Israel

9.1 Linguistic landscape: a brief background

9.1.1 Studies on linguistic landscape in Israel

9.2 The Palestinian Arab linguistic landscape in Israel

9.2.1 Hebrew and Hebraization

9.2.2 Palestinian Arab uniqueness

9.2.3 Conclusion

9.3 The linguistic landscape from a different perspective: Umm-el-Fahm as a case study

9.3.1 Umm-el-Fahm: background

9.3.2 The linguistic landscape in the city

9.3.3 Conclusion

Chapter 10 The Arabic language in the Palestinian Arab education system

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The effect of the Arabic curricula on the Palestinian Arab identity

10.3 The hurdles blocking the achievement of high competence in Standard Arabic

10.4 What is the role of the Arabic language in the Palestinian Arab education system?

10.5 Conclusion

Chapter 11 Teaching Arabic in Jewish schools: language of the neighbour or the enemy?

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Teaching the Arabic language

11.3 Jewish attitudes towards the Arabic language

11.4 Goals of teaching Arabic

11.5 Bilingual schools: the Hand-in-Hand schools

11.6 Conclusion

Chapter 12 Language ideology and attitudes: Arabic language academies and future vision documents

12.1 Language ideology and attitudes towards Arabic

12.1.1 The Communist party and the Democratic Front

12.1.2 Balad

12.1.3 The Islamic Movement

12.1.4 Civil organizations

12.2 Survey

12.3 Conclusion

12.4 Arabic language academies in the Israeli context: between the research role and nationalist aspirations

12.4.1Arabic language academies

12.4.2 Arabic language academies in Israel

12.4.3 Conclusion

12.5 The role of Arabic according to future vision documents

12.5.1 Introduction

12.5.2 Arabic in the future vision documents

12.5.3 Conclusion

Chapter 13 Epilogue: facing the challenges

13.1 Challenges of the Arabic language

13.2 Facing the challenges

13.2.1 Arabic as a strategic choice for building an Arab knowledge society

13.2.2 Meeting the challenges: building a framework

13.3 Practical proposals

13.4 Conclusion

Index