List of figures and tables

Acknowledgements

INTRODUCTION: Beyond borders: global changes and linguistic challenges in migratory contexts

CHAPTER 1: The European migrant crisis

1.1 Migrations and migratory policies in Europe

1.2 Unauthorised migrations in Italy

1.3 Migration and language

CHAPTER 2: The sociolinguistics of (im)migration

2.1 Multilingualism, speech community, and repertoires

2.2 The sociolinguistics of (im)migration across time and space

2.3 Multilingualism in postcolonial countries

2.4 Status and function of a language

2.4.1 Geopolitical factors

2.4.2 Socio-demographical factors

2.4.3 Linguistic factors

2.5 Language ideologies and attitudes

CHAPTER 3: Language contact

3.1 Language maintenance and shift

3.2 Contact in speech

3.2.1 Structural approaches to CS

3.2.2 Functional approaches to CS

3.3 From CS to grammaticalisation

3.4 Contact in language

3.4.1 Matter replication

3.4.2 At the boundary between switching and matter replication

3.4.3 Pattern replication

3.5 Structure, function and cognition: the usage-based approach

CHAPTER 4: Linguistic ethnography and multilingualism

4.1 Objectives of the research

4.1.1 Research methods

4.2 Data transcription

4.2.1 Language transcription

4.2.2 Graphic and phonetic correspondences

4.2.3 Morphemic glossing

4.3 The pilot study

4.3.1 The CAS

4.3.2 Methodology

4.3.3 Data analysis

4.3.4 Discussion

4.4 The main study

4.4.1 Informants and linguistic biographies

4.4.2 Other subjects

CHAPTER 5: The urban variety of Punjabi

5.1 Population in Pakistan

5.2 The languages of the Pakistan

5.2.1 English, the conquerors’ language

5.2.2 The privileging of Urdu as national language

5.2.3 Urdu and Punjabi

5.3 Urban Punjabi

5.3.1 Borrowing vs CS

5.3.2 Instances of switching phenomena within the urban variety

5.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 6: Italian within the speech community

6.1 Code choice in the CAS (centro di accoglienza straordinaria)

6.2 Instances of code mixing within the urban variety

6.3 Discussion

CHAPTER 7: Ideologies and attitudes

7.1 Language proficiency in the CAS(centro di accoglienza straordinaria)

7.2 Interviews

7.3 Ideologies and attitudes

7.3.1 Urdu

7.3.2 English

7.3.3 Italian

7.3.4 Minority languages

7.4 Some reflections on the linguistic repertoire of the migrants

CONCLUSIONS: Beyond challenge: understanding multilingualism in a time of change

References

Appendix I: Questionnaire

Appendix II: GDPR

Index