How to Use This Book xiii
Barron's Essential 5 xvi
Part 1 Introduction
All About the Exam 3
Systematic Methods for Studying History 3
Historical Skills Used in All AP History Exams 6
AP History Disciplinary Practices 7
Historical Thinking Skills 8
AP History Reasoning Skills 10
Additional Skills Not Required by the College Board 12
A Guide to the AP European History Exam 15
Part 2 Review Section: Time Periods
Examination of Periodization and Required Time Periods 59
Time Period One: C. 1450 to C. 1648
Time Period Overview 51
Unit 1 Renaissance and Exploration
Unit 1 Overview: Renaissance and Exploration-Chapter 1 63
1. The Renaissance and Age of Exploration 65
Overview 65
The Italian Renaissance 66
The Northern Renaissance 71
Renaissance Views on Gender and Ethnicity 75
Social Structure During the Renaissance 76
Renaissance Points to Remember 76
Exploration and Colonization: 1400s to 1600s 77
The Expansion of Europe 82
The Development of "Natural Philosophy" or Science 84
The Renaissance Characters 86
Important Artistic Movements in European History 90
Practice Long Essay Questions 93
Practice Short-Answer Questions 97
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 103
Answer Key 106
Answers and Explanations 106
Unit 2 Age of Reformation
Unit 2 Overview: Age of Reformation-Chapter 2 109
2. Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion (1517-1648) 111
Overview 111
Causes of the Reformation 112
Chronological Overview of Events, Personalities, and Ideas 113
Gender and Ethnicity During the Reformation 121
The Baroque Period of Art 122
Many Faiths Chart 125
Practice Long Essay Questions 126
Practice Short-Answer Questions 128
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 131
Answer Key 134
Answers and Explanations 134
Time Period One (1450-1648): Practice Assessment 137
Practice Assessment 137
Time Period One (1450-1648): Practice Assessment 138
Answer Key 146
Answers and Explanations 146
Time Period Two: C. 1649 to C. 1815
Time Period Overview 157
Unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Unit 3 Overview: Absolutism and Constitutionalism 159
3. Absolutism and Constitutionalism 161
Overview 161
The Development of Absolutism in France 162
The Development of Constitutionalism in England 164
The Elizabethan Age 166
The Stuart Kings and Parliament (1603-1688) 167
The Course of the Conflict 168
The Stuart Restoration (1660-1688) 169
The Glorious Revolution 170
The Dutch Revolt and the Golden Age of the Netherlands 170
Women During the Age of Absolutism 173
Absolutism in the Ottoman Empire 173
Absolute Monarchs of the Late-17th and Early-18th Centuries 174
A Guide to Monarchs and Their Families 177
Practice Long Essay Questions 183
Practice Short-Answer Questions 186
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 189
Answer Key 191
Answers and Explanations 191
Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1789)
Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments 193
4. Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1789) 195
Overview 195
The Expansion of Europe 196
Mercantilism and the Rise of Capitalism 198
The Enlightenment 200
Gender and Ethnicity During the Enlightenment 203
Enlightened Despotism 204
Great Thinkers of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment 205
Philosophes of the Enlightenment 206
The Evolution of Political Thought of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau 211
Practice Long Essay Questions 212
Practice Short-Answer Questions 214
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 217
Answer Key 219
Answers and Explanations 219
Unit 5 Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
Unit 5: The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna 223
5. The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna 225
Overview 225
The French Revolution 226
Women's Role in the French Revolution 230
Cause-and-Effect Chart for the French Revolution 231
Napoleon 233
The Congress of Vienna (September 1814-June 1815) 236
Practice Long Essay Questions 238
Practice Short-Answer Questions 240
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 243
Answer Key 245
Answers and Explanations 245
Time Period Two (1649-1815): Practice Assessment 247
Practice Assessment 248
Time Period Two (1649-1815): Practice Assessment 249
Answer Key 258
Answers and Explanations 258
Time Period Three: C. 1815 to C. 1914
Time Period Overview 269
Unit 6 Industrialization and its Effects
Chapter 6: The Industrial Revolution Reshapes Europe 271
6. Industrialization Reshapes Europe 273
Overview 274
The Industrial Revolution 274
Theories of Economics 285
The Technological Revolution or the Second Industrial Revolution 288
Inventors of the Industrial Revolution 289
Practice Long Essay Questions 291
Practice Short-Answer Questions 293
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 296
Answer Key 298
Answers and Explanations 298
7. The Growth and Suppression of Democracy: From the Age of Metternich to the First World War (1815-1914) 301
Overview 301
The Growth of Democracy 302
The Suppression of Democracy 305
The Revolutions of 1848 310
Practice Long Essay Questions 314
Practice Short-Answer Questions 316
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 318
Answer Key 320
Answers and Explanations 320
Unit 7 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
Unit 7: Nationalism, Imperialism, and Progress into Modernity 323
8. The Ideologies of the 19th Century: Liberalism, Conservatism, Nationalism, and Culture 325
Overview 325
The Age of Nationalism 326
The Unification of Italy 327
The Unification of Germany 328
Results of Nationalism 331
Modern Leaders of Assorted European Countries, or "Musical Chairs" 332
Unification of Italy and of Germany Chart 337
Ideology and Culture 338
Practice Long Essay Questions 343
Practice Short-Answer Questions 345
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 348
Answer Key 350
Answers and Explanations 350
9. Imperialism and the Causes of the First World War (1870-1914) 353
Overview 353
Causes of Imperialism 354
Regions 355
The End of Colonialism 358
Timeline of Imperialism 363
Long-Term Causes of the First World War 365
Practice Long Essay Questions 369
Practice Short-Answer Questions 371
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 374
Answer Key 376
Answers and Explanations 376
Time Period Three (1815-1914): Practice Assessment 379
Practice Assessment 379
Time Period Three (1815-1914): Practice Assessment 380
Answer Key 387
Answers and Explanations 387
Time Period Four: C. 1914 to Present
Time Period Overview 399
Unit 8 20th-Century Global Conflicts
Unit 8: The First World War, the Age of Anxiety, and World War II 401
10. The First World War, Russian Revolution, and U.S.S.R. Until 1939 403
Overview 403
Events Leading to the First World War 404
The First World War 404
The Peace Settlements 408
The Causes, Events, and Results of the First World War 410
The Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union Until 1939 412
Figures and Events of the Russian Revolution 418
Practice Long Essay Questions 420
Practice Short-Answer Questions 423
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 426
Answer Key 428
Answers and Explanations 428
11. Democracy, Depression, Dictatorship, World War and Its Aftermath (1919-1945) 431
Overview 431
The Western Democracies After the First World War 433
The Age of Anxiety 435
The Great Depression (1929-1939) 437
Dictatorships 440
Prelude to War 446
Aggression and Appeasement 446
Triumph of the Axis Powers (1939-1942) 448
The Tide of War Turns (Mid-1942-1943) 451
Allied Victories (1943-1945) 451
Aftermath of the War 452
Practice Long Essay Questions 455
Practice Short-Answer Questions 458
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 461
Answer Key 464
Answers and Explanations 464
Unit 9 Cold War and Contemporary Europe
Unit 9: Recovery from WWII, Ideological Conflict, European Unification, and Post-WWII Social Movements 467
12. Recovery, Cold War, and Contemporary Europe (1945 to Present) 469
Overview 469
Western European Recovery (1945-1957) 471
Decolonization 473
Communism: The Soviet Union and Its Satellites (1945-1968) 474
Recent European Economic History 476
Cold War 479
The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Cold War 481
Timeline for the Start of the Cold War 483
Art 485
Science 485
Population and Poverty 486
European Society at the End of the Twentieth Century 488
Recent Developments 490
Important Treaties and Agreements in European History 492
Practice Long Essay Questions 497
Practice Short-Answer Questions 501
Practice Multiple-Choice Questions 503
Answer Key 506
Answers and Explanations 506
Time Period Four (1914 to Present): Practice Assessment 509
Practice Assessment 509
Time Period Four (1914 to Present): Practice Assessment 510
Answer Key 517
Answers and Explanations 517
Part 3 Practice Exams
Practice Test 1 529
Scoring and Answer Explanations 570
Answer Key 583
Practice Test 2 599
Scoring and Answer Explanations 641
Answer Key 655
Index 671