How to Use This Book xi
Barron's Essential 5 xii
About the Exam
1. Introduction 3
Exam Format 4
Tips for Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions 5
Tips for Section II: Free-Response Questions 6
Scoring of the AP Biology Exam 7
Suggested Study Plans 8
2. Statistics in AP Biology 11
Overview 11
What Is a Null Hypothesis? 11
Chi-Square Test 11
Descriptive Statistics 13
Practice Questions 19
Answer Explanations 24
Unit 1 Chemistry of Life
3. Water 29
Overview 29
Water and the Importance of Hydrogen Bonds 29
pH 31
Practice Questions 33
Answer Explanations 36
4. Macromolecules 39
Overview 39
Biological Macromolecules 39
Protein Structure 42
Nucleic Acids 43
Practice Questions 45
Answer Explanations 50
Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function
5. Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport 55
Overview 55
Cell Organelles and Their Functions 55
Endosymbiosis Hypothesis 61
The Advantages of Compartmentalization 61
The importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratios 62
Structure of the Plasma Membrane 63
What Can (and Cannot) Cross the Plasma Membrane 64
Passive Transport 64
Active Transport 65
Practice Questions 67
Answer Explanations 71
6. Movement of Water in Cells 75
Overview 75
Water Potential 75
Osmolarity and Its Regulation 77
Practice Questions 79
Answer Explanations 83
Unit 3 Cellular Energetics
7. Enzymes 89
Overview 89
Enzyme Structure and Function 89
Environmental Factors that Affect Enzyme Function 90
Activation Energy in Chemical Reactions 91
Energy and Metabolism/Coupled Reactions 92
Practice Questions 94
Answer Explanations 99
8. Photosynthesis 103
Overview 103
Light-Dependent Reactions 104
Light-independent Reactions (The Calvin Cycle) 105
Practice Questions 107
Answer Explanations 112
9. Cellular Respiration 115
Overview 115
Glycolysis 116
Oxidation of Pyruvate 117
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 117
Oxidative Phosphorylation 118
Fermentation 120
Practice Questions 121
Answer Explanations 124
Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
10. Cell Communication and Signaling 129
Overview 129
Types of Cell Signaling 129
Signal Transduction 131
Disruptions in Signal Transduction Pathways 132
Feedback Mechanisms 132
Practice Questions 134
Answer Explanations 138
11. The Cell Cycle 141
Overview 141
Phases of the Cell Cycle 141
Regulation of the Cell Cycle, Cancer, and Apoptosis 143
Practice Questions 145
Answer Explanations 149
Unit 5 Heredity
12. Meiosis and Genetic Diversity 155
Overview 155
How Meiosis Works 155
How Meiosis Generates Genetic Diversity 158
Practice Questions 160
Answer Explanations 164
13. Mendelian Genetics and Probability 167
Overview 167
Mendelian Genetics 167
Probability in Genetics Problems 168
Practice Questions 172
Answer Explanations 176
14. Non-Mendelian Genetics 179
Overview 179
Linked Genes 179
Multiple Gene Inheritance 180
Nonnuclear Inheritance 181
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment 181
Practice Questions 182
Answer Explanations 186
Unit 6 Gene Expression and Regulation
15. DNA, RNA, and DNA Replication 193
Overview 193
Structure of DNA and RNA 193
DNA Replication 195
Practice Questions 197
Answer Explanations 201
16. Transcription and Translation 205
Overview 205
Transcription in Prokaryotes vs. Transcription in Eukaryotes 205
Translation 207
Flow of Information from the Nucleus to the Cell Membrane 209
Practice Questions 211
Answer Explanations 214
17. Regulation and Mutations 217
Overview 217
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 217
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 220
Gene Expression Helps Cells Specialize 220
Mutations 221
Practice Questions 222
Answer Explanations 226
18. Biotechnology 229
Overview 229
Bacterial Transformation 229
Gel Electrophoresis 230
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 230
CRISPR-Cas9 231
Practice Questions 232
Answer Explanations 236
Unit 7 Natural Selection
19. Types of Selection 241
Overview 241
Evidence of Evolution 241
Natural Selection 242
Artificial Selection 246
Sexual Selection 247
Practice Questions 248
Answer Explanations 254
20. Population Genetics 257
Overview 257
Population Genetics and Genetic Drift 257
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 259
Practice Questions 262
Answer Explanations 267
21. Phylogeny, Speciation, and Extinction 271
Overview 271
Phylogeny and Common Ancestry 271
Speciation 273
Extinction 275
Modern-Day Examples of Continuing Evolution 275
Practice Questions 276
Answer Explanations 281
Unit 8 Ecology
22. The Basics of Ecology 287
Overview 287
How Organisms Respond to Changes in the Environment 287
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems 288
Practice Questions 292
Answer Explanations 297
23. Population Ecology, Community Ecology, and Biodiversity 301
Overview 301
Population Ecology 301
K-Selected vs. r-Selected Populations 302
Community Ecology and Simpson's Diversity Index 303
Biodiversity 305
Practice Questions 307
Answer Explanations 311
Lab Review
24. Labs 315
Overview 315
Lab 1: Artificial Selection 316
Lab 2: Hardy-Weinberg 317
Lab 3: BLAST 318
Lab 4: Diffusion and Osmosis 319
Lab 5: Photosynthesis 321
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration 323
Lab 7: Mitosis and Meiosis 324
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation 326
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA 327
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics 329
Lab 11: Transpiration 330
Lab 12: Fruit Fly Behavior 331
Lab 13: Enzyme Activity 332
Practice Questions 334
Answer Explanations 340
Practice Tests
Practice Test 1 345
Section I: Multiple-Choice 347
Section II: Free-Response 367
Answer Key 371
Answer Explanations 372
Practice Test 2 385
Section I: Multiple-Choice 387
Section II: Free-Response 405
Answer Key 411
Answer Explanations 412
Appendix
Frequently Used Formulas and Equations 427
Index 433