How To Use This Book x
Barron's Essential 5 xii
Introduction xv
Overview of the AP Psychology Exam xvii
Diagnostic Test
Diagnostic Test 5
Part I Multiple-Choice Questions 5
Part II Free-Response Questions 18
Answer Key 19
Answers Explained 20
Unit 1 Scientific Foundations
1. History and Approaches 47
History of Psychology 47
Psychological Perspectives 49
Practice Questions 52
Answer Key 55
Answers Explained 55
2. Methods 57
Research Methods 58
Statistics 64
APA Ethical Guidelines 68
Practice Questions 70
Answer Key 74
Answers Explained 74
Unit 2 Biological Bases of Behavior
3. Biological Bases of Behavior 79
Overview 80
Neuroanatomy 80
Nervous System 82
The Brain 84
Endocrine System 91
Genetics 91
Practice Questions 93
Answer Key 96
Answers Explained 96
4. States of Consciousness 99
Overview 99
Levels of Consciousness 100
Sleep 101
Dreams 104
Drugs 105
Practice Questions 108
Answer Key 111
Answers Explained 111
Unit 3 Sensation and Perception
5. Sensation and Perception 115
Overview 116
Energy Senses 116
Chemical Senses 121
Body Position Senses 123
Perception 123
Practice Questions 130
Answer Key 133
Answers Explained 133
Unit 4 Learning
6. Learning 137
Overview 137
Classical Conditioning 138
Operant Conditioning 141
Cognitive Learning 145
Practice Questions 149
Answer Key 152
Answers Explained 152
Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology
7. Cognition 157
Overview 158
Models of Memory 158
Retrieval 161
Constructive Memory 162
Forgetting 162
How Memories Are Physically Stored in the Brain 162
Language 163
Thinking and Creativity 164
Practice Questions 168
Answer Key 171
Answers Explained 171
8. Testing and Individual Differences 173
Overview 173
Standardization and Norms 174
Reliability and Validity 174
Types of Tests 175
Theories of Intelligence 176
Intelligence Tests 178
Bias in Testing 179
Nature Versus Nurture: Intelligence 180
Practice Questions 182
Answer Key 185
Answers Explained 185
Unit 6 Developmental Psychology
9. Developmental Psychology 191
Overview 192
Research Methods 192
Prenatal Influences on Development 192
Motor/Sensory Development 193
Parenting 194
Stage Theories 196
Cognitive Development 199
Moral Development 201
Gender and Development 202
Practice Questions 205
Answer Key 209
Answers Explained 209
Unit 7 Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
10. Motivation and Emotion 213
Overview 213
Theories of Motivation 214
Hunger Motivation 216
Sexual Motivation 218
Social Motivation 219
Theories About Emotion 221
Nonverbal Expressions of Emotion 222
Stress 222
Practice Questions 224
Answer Key 228
Answers Explained 228
11. Personality 231
Overview 231
Psychoanalytic Theory 232
Psychodynamic Theories 236
Trait Theories 236
Biological Theories 238
Behaviorist Theories 238
Social-Cognitive Theories 239
Humanistic Theories 240
Assessment Techniques 241
Practice Questions 242
Answer Key 245
Answers Explained 245
Unit 8 Clinical Psychology
12. Psychological Disorders 249
Overview 249
Defining Psychological Disorders 250
Categories of Disorders 251
The Rosenhan Study: The Influence of Labels 259
Practice Questions 261
Answer Key 264
Answers Explained 264
13. Treatment of Psychological Disorders 267
Overview 267
History 268
Types of Therapy 268
Kinds of Therapists 276
Practice Questions 277
Answer Key 280
Answers Explained 280
Unit 9 Social Psychology
14. Social Psychology 285
Overview 286
Attitude Formation and Change 286
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior 287
Compliance Strategies 287
Attribution Theory 288
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 290
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 292
Prosocial Behavior 292
Attraction 293
The Influence of Others on an Individual's Behavior 293
Group Dynamics 295
Practice Questions 297
Answer Key 301
Answers Explained 301
15. Multiple-Choice Test-Taking Tips 305
Overview 305
Test-Taking Strategies 305
The Fabulous 15 310
16. Answering Free-Response Questions 311
How to Write the AP Psychology Free-Response Answer 311
Details About the Free-Response Questions 312
General Hints and Tips for the Free-Response Portion of the Exam 313
Sample Free-Response Question 314
Rubric for Sample Question 315
Interpreting the Rubric 316
Fictional Student Response 317
Practice Tests
Practice Test 1 323
Part I Multiple-Choice Questions 323
Part II Free-Response Questions 336
Answer Key 338
Answers Explained 339
Practice Test 2 363
Part I Multiple-Choice Questions 363
Part II Free-Response Questions 378
Answer Key 379
Answers Explained 380
Index 395