How to Use This Book xi
Barron's Essential 5 xii
Introduction 1
Important Facts About the Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry 1
Essential Details 1
Scoring of the Examination 2
Four Big Ideas 3
Science Practices 4
Answering Free-Response Questions 5
Content and Distribution in this Book 6
Chemical Calculations and Relationships 9
Using this Book More In-Depth 9
Organizing Your Review 10
What to Expect on the AP Chemistry Examination 12
How to Maximize Your Score 13
Final Preparations for the Exam 19
The College Board 19
Short Diagnostic Tests 23
Short Diagnostic Test 1 27
Answer Key 35
Answer Explanations 37
Short Diagnostic Test 2 47
Answer Key 55
Answer Explanations 57
Short Diagnostic Test 3 65
Answer Key 73
Answer Explanations 75
Part 1 Structure of Matter
1. Structure of the Atom 87
A Review of Important Discoveries About the Atom 87
Atomic Structure 89
The Bohr Model of the Atom 92
Electronic Configurations 100
Summary 106
Practice Exercises 107
2. The Periodic Table 115
The Modern Periodic Table 115
Radioactivity 118
Periodic Properties of the Elements 120
Summary 126
Practice Exercises 127
Part 2 Chemical Bonding
3. Ionic Compounds, Formulas, and Reactions 135
Chemical Formulas 135
Chemical Reactions and Equations 138
Bonding 144
Summary 159
Practice Exercises 159
4. Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and Structures 167
Covalent Molecules 167
Lewis Structures of Molecules 169
Molecular Geometry 186
Molecular Polarity 193
Covalent Bond Formation 194
Summary 200
Practice Exercises 200
5. Stoichiometry 207
Conversion Calculations Using the Dimensional Analysis Method 208
Chemical Equalities and Equivalences 215
The Conversion Sequence 219
Percent Composition 241
Empirical Formulas 243
Molecular Formulas 246
Other Stoichiometric Equations 247
Summary 248
Practice Exercises 248
Part 3 States of Matter
6. Gases 259
The Gas Laws 259
Ideal Gas Law 262
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) 265
Molar Mass, Density, and Molar Volume 265
Kinetic Molecular Theory 267
Average Kinetic Energies and Velocities 269
Real Gases 269
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 270
Experiments Involving Gases 271
Summary 273
Practice Exercises 274
7. Liquids and Solids 281
Comparison of Liquids and Solids to Gases 281
Intermolecular Forces 282
Physical Properties of Liquids 287
Solids 294
Phase Changes 296
Summary 299
Practice Exercises 299
8. Solutions 307
Introduction and Definitions 307
Solubility and the Solution Process 308
Aqueous Solutions 310
Concentrations of Solutions 312
Effect of Temperature on Solubility 312
Effect of Pressure on Solubility 313
Summary 314
Practice Exercises 315
Part 4 Physical Chemistry
9. Chemical Equilibrium 321
The Equilibrium Expression 322
Manipulating the Equilibrium Expression 324
Determining the Value of the Equilibrium Constant 327
Using the Equilibrium Expression 327
Equilibrium Calculations 329
Special Equilibrium Constants 340
Le Chatelier's Principle 345
Summary 349
Practice Exercises 350
10. Kinetics 359
Reaction Rates 359
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates 363
Applications of Selected Rate Laws 371
Theory of Reaction Rates 379
Reaction Mechanisms 384
Summary 388
Practice Exercises 388
11. Thermodynamics 397
Essential Definitions 397
Types of Energy 399
Measurement of Energy 399
First Law of Thermodynamics 401
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 409
Gibbs Free Energy, ΔG° 410
Summary 415
Practice Exercises 416
Part 5 Chemical Reactions
12. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry 427
Oxidation Numbers 428
Balancing Redox Reactions 432
Common Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 436
Electrochemistry 438
Quantitative Electrochemistry 440
Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 450
Summary 451
Practice Exercises 452
13. Acids and Bases 459
Acid-Base Theories 459
Acid-Base Nomenclature 460
Acids 462
Bases 465
Anhydrides of Acids and Bases 465
Neutralization Reactions 466
Polyprotic Acids 466
Brønsted-Lowry Theory; Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 467
Complexation Reactions 469
Quantitative Acid-Base Chemistry 471
Summary 491
Practice Exercises 492
14. Experimental Chemistry 499
Data Gathering 499
Calculations 500
Graphs 503
Determination of Physical Properties 505
Sample Manipulations 508
Separation Techniques 511
Instrumental Techniques 513
Experimental Reactions 515
Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Ions 518
Chemical Hazards 521
Safety Principles and Equipment 522
Summary 522
Practice Exercises 523
Part 6 Practice Tests
Practice Test 1 533
Answer Key 564
Answer Explanations 565
Practice Test 2 575
Answer Key 604
Answer Explanations 605
Practice Test 3 617
Answer Key 646
Answer Explanations 647
Appendices
Appendix 1 Answer Explanations for End-of-Chapter Questions 657
Appendix 2 Electronic Configurations of the Elements 687
Appendix 3 Thermodynamic Data for Selected Elements, Compounds, and Ions (25 °C) 691
Appendix 4 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids 697
Appendix 5 Ionization Constants of Polyprotic Acids 699
Appendix 6 Ionization Constants of Weak Bases 701
Appendix 7 Solubility Product Constants 703
Glossary 707
Index 727