The question “How should we live?” extends beyond a personal choice to a metaphysical inquiry into the essence of human existence and universal principles. Metaphysics, as the study of the fundamental nature of reality beyond appearances, provides a lens to deeply understand life’s meaning.

As Joseon Dynasty scholar Yulgok Yi-I articulated, the distinction between “Li” (理; principle) and “Qi” (氣; vital energy) can be applied to human life. “Li” represents essential, unchanging principles?universal values and ideals we should pursue. Conversely, “Qi” symbolizes the concrete, everyday experiences and situations we face. Thus, the question “How should we live?” fundamentally concerns harmonizing essence and phenomena in life, guided by this metaphysical framework.
Greek philosopher Plato emphasized immutable truths and ideals through his concept of the “Idea,” suggesting a philosophy that sets these as life’s ultimate goals. This philosophy encourages us to seek values that transcend mere survival, aiming for a higher purpose. The first answer to “How should we live?” is to establish fundamental principles that guide our lives and to live by them. This transcends the pursuit of material success or social prestige, directing us instead to discover and commit to intrinsic human values.

In contrast, Greek philosopher Aristotle emphasized practical wisdom and the realities of life. He defined the “ultimate good” as happiness, achievable through balance and harmony in daily life. In this tangible world, we face choices and challenges every day. The question “How should we live?” thus becomes not just a call to pursue ideal goals but an invitation to find ways to balance these aspirations within the constraints of reality.

German philosopher Jurgen Habermas explained the essence of metaphysical thought through the relationship between self and others. He argued that the self and others are not in opposition but mutually defined and completed through intera